A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces above a area, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are widely utilized to hide floor and roof construction. They have been particular points for decor from the earliest times: either by painting the plain surface, by bringing out the structural members of roof or floor, or in treating it as a field for an allover pattern of relief.

Only a little is understood of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were richly designed with relief and painting, as is evidenced within the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. In the Gothic period, the general theme was to use structural parts decoratively then led to the development of the beamed ceiling, in which big cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being thickly chamfered and molded and generally painted in attractive colours.

In the Renaissance, ceiling design was adapted to its highest pitch of individuality and difference. Three options were further elaborated. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the complex design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far bettered their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were created, with their edges richly carved and the field of each coffer marked with a rosette. The second type consisted of ceilings wholly or partially vaulted, commonly with arched intersections, with painted bands highlighting the architectural design and with pictures filling the remainder of the space. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a good demonstration of this. During the Baroque period, wondrous figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also brought in to decorate ceilings of this type. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style showcase this. In the third form, which was notably iconic of Venice, the ceiling became one huge framed picture, as in the Doges’ Palace.

In modern day architecture ceilings are sometimes divided into two major varieties — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at some distance under the structural members, some architects have worked to cover great amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Most suspended ceilings utilize a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to support plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.

Other architects, desiring the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in showing the mechanical and electrical equipment. In response to this desire, many structural systems have been created that have a deliberately expressive power in themselves and make for popular ceilings.

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